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Another correlation study between the Y chromosome and linguistic heritage was carried out in Basques and geographically surrounding populations. The Basques have a unique language, which is very different from the languages of surrounding ethnic groups. Tyler-Smith's group and collaborators again used the Y chromosome markers to study if Basques' Y chromosomes are distinct from those of surrounding populations. Through this DNA profiling research, they uncovered a specific Y chromosome lineage, which has a recent origin and is rare or absent in most parts of the world. However, this Y chromosome profiling lineage is shared with high frequency between Basques and Catalans, who speak languages belonging to different language families. These researchers presented evidence that supported the idea that there has been male-mediated gene flow, directly between Basques and Catalans, since the establishment of the languages spoken by them now. The polymorphism they studied was pinpointed to have occurred a few thousand years ago. Interestingly, the Basques Y chromosome lineages were also found in South America, which is not unexpected due to recent historical analysis regarding the ancient links between Iberia and South America. Interestingly, markers were also found in France, Germany and England.
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